Macro-mesoscopic developmental patterns of cracks in surrounding rocks of rectangular roadways under true triaxial stresses

Authors

SHI Wenbao, Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China； Anhui Province Joint Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Mining of Deep Coal Resources, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China ； School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, ChinaFollow
XU Qingzhao, Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China； Anhui Province Joint Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Mining of Deep Coal Resources, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China ； School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
CHANG Jucai, School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, ChinaFollow
LI Chuanming, School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
QIAO Longquan, School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
MIAO Zhuang, Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China； Anhui Province Joint Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Mining of Deep Coal Resources, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China ； School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
YAN Aoyun, Joint National-Local Engineering Research Centre for Safe and Precise Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China； Anhui Province Joint Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Green Mining of Deep Coal Resources, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China ； School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China

Abstract

Objective and Method This study aims to investigate the relationship between the stress environment and the deformation and failure responses of surrounding rocks, thereby unraveling the inherent mechanisms underlying the deformation and failure. With cement, river sands, and gypsum as raw materials, rectangular roadway model specimens measuring 200 mm × 200 mm × 200 mm were prepared. Using a large-scale true triaxial seepage coupling testing machine, this study conducted triaxial loading tests on the rectangular roadway specimens under different lateral pressure coefficients. Using microcameras and an acoustic emission system, it monitored the whole process of the macroscopic deformation and failure, along with the evolutionary characteristics of internal damage, of the surrounding rocks of the rectangular roadway specimens. In combination with the PFC^3D numerical simulation, the distribution patterns of microcracks within the rectangular roadway specimens were determined.Results and Conclusions During the deformation and failure of the roadway surrounding rocks under stress loading, the failure of the sides of the rectangular roadways was primarily caused by tangential stress concentration. Under continuous stress loading, the maximum bending moment was prone to occur in the middle parts of the roadway sides, resulting in tensile failure of roadways, characterized by the scaling of arc-shaped thick sheets (thick in the middle and thin at both ends). The scaling failure expanded gradually inward and formed a macroscopic V-shaped failure groove, showing pronounced layered failure characteristics. With a gradual increase in the axial load, the thickness of fragments generated by layered scaling failure decreased progressively. Concurrently, the arc-shaped thick sheets transitioned into arc-shaped thin sheets and partially scaled arc-shaped thin sheets, while the cumulative acoustic emission energy shifted from a gentle growth to stepped and then steep increases. The development of microcracks in the roadway surrounding rocks was inherently related to the stress environment. The increase in the lateral pressure coefficient inhibited the development of microcracks within the roadway surrounding rocks, with the proportion of tensile microcracks decreasing from 80.424 1% to 76.637 9%. During failure, the internal microcracks exhibited a butterfly distribution pattern. The results of this study provide an experimental reference for the stability control of the surrounding rocks of deep mining roadways.

Keywords

stability of surrounding rocks, rectangular roadway, true triaxial test, lateral pressure coefficient, acoustic emission, crack development

DOI

10.12363/issn.1001-1986.25.06.0476

Recommended Citation

SHI Wenbao, XU Qingzhao, CHANG Jucai, et al. (2025) "Macro-mesoscopic developmental patterns of cracks in surrounding rocks of rectangular roadways under true triaxial stresses," Coal Geology & Exploration: Vol. 53: Iss. 11, Article 16.
DOI: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.25.06.0476
Available at: https://cge.researchcommons.org/journal/vol53/iss11/16

Reference

[1] 袁亮. 深部采动响应与灾害防控研究进展[J]. 煤炭学报，2021，46(3)：716−725.

YUAN Liang. Research progress of mining response and disaster prevention and control in deep coal mines[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2021，46(3)：716−725.

[2] 郑凯歌，张俭，孙四清，等. 煤层顶板多种灾害发生机理与协同防治技术[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2025，53(5)：24−35.

ZHENG Kaige，ZHANG Jian，SUN Siqing，et al. Mechanisms and collaborative prevention and control techniques for various disasters in coal seam roofs[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2025，53(5)：24−35.

[3] 李夕兵，古德生. 深井坚硬矿岩开采中高应力的灾害控制与破碎诱变[C]//香山第175次科学会议. 北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002：101–108.

[4] 谢和平，高峰，鞠杨. 深部岩体力学研究与探索[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2015，34(11)：2161−2178.

XIE Heping，GAO Feng，JU Yang. Research and development of rock mechanics in deep ground engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2015，34(11)：2161−2178.

[5] 康红普，姜鹏飞，黄炳香，等. 煤矿千米深井巷道围岩支护–改性–卸压协同控制技术[J]. 煤炭学报，2020，45(3)：845−864.

KANG Hongpu，JIANG Pengfei，HUANG Bingxiang，et al. Roadway strata control technology by means of bolting–modification–destressing in synergy in 1 000 m deep coal mines[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2020，45(3)：845−864.

[6] 何满潮，谢和平，彭苏萍，等. 深部开采岩体力学研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2005，24(16)：2803−2813.

HE Manchao，XIE Heping，PENG Suping，et al. Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2005，24(16)：2803−2813.

[7] 宫凤强，伍武星，李天斌，等. 深部硬岩矩形隧洞围岩板裂破坏的试验模拟研究[J]. 岩土力学，2019，40(6)：2085−2098.

GONG Fengqiang，WU Wuxing，LI Tianbin，et al. Simulation experimental study of spalling failure of surrounding rock of rectangular tunnel of deep hard rock[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2019，40(6)：2085−2098.

[8] 宫凤强，罗勇，司雪峰，等. 深部圆形隧洞板裂屈曲岩爆的模拟试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报，2017，36(7)：1634−1648.

GONG Fengqiang，LUO Yong，SI Xuefeng，et al. Experimental modelling on rockburst in deep hard rock circular tunnels[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering，2017，36(7)：1634−1648.

[9] 宫凤强，罗勇，刘冬桥. 深部直墙拱形隧洞围岩板裂破坏的模拟试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报，2019，41(6)：1091−1100.

GONG Fengqiang，LUO Yong，LIU Dongqiao. Simulation tests on spalling failure in deep straight–wall–top–arch tunnels[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2019，41(6)：1091−1100.

[10] 司雪峰，张子龙，宫凤强. 深部直墙拱形巷道围岩板裂破坏的试验研究[J]. 采矿与岩层控制工程学报，2024，6(4)：043032.

SI Xuefeng，ZHANG Zilong，GONG Fengqiang. Experimental study on spalling failure of rock in deep arch roadway with vertical walls[J]. Journal of Mining and Strata Control Engineering，2024，6(4)：043032.

[11] LUO Yong，GONG Fengqiang，LIU Dongqiao，et al. Experimental simulation analysis of the process and failure characteristics of spalling in D–shaped tunnels under true–triaxial loading conditions[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology，2019，90：42−61.

[12] 赵光明，刘崇岩，许文松，等. 扰动诱发高应力卸荷岩体破坏特征实验研究[J]. 煤炭学报，2021，46(2)：412−423.

ZHAO Guangming，LIU Chongyan，XU Wensong，et al. Experimental study on the failure characteristics of high stress unloading rock mass induced by disturbance[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2021，46(2)：412−423.

[13] 孙卓恒，侯哲生，张爱萍. 锦屏二级水电站大理岩拉张型板裂化破坏研究[J]. 水利与建筑工程学报，2012，10(2)：24−27.

SUN Zhuoheng，HOU Zhesheng，ZHANG Aiping. Research on tensile slabbing failure of marble at Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering，2012，10(2)：24−27.

[14] 王学滨，伍小林，潘一山. 圆形巷道围岩层裂或板裂化的等效连续介质模型及侧压系数的影响[J]. 岩土力学，2012，33(8)：2395−2402.

WANG Xuebin，WU Xiaolin，PAN Yishan. An equivalent continuum model for exfoliation or slabbing phenomenon of surrounding rock of circular tunnel and effects of lateral pressure coefficients[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2012，33(8)：2395−2402.

[15] SHI Wenbao，XU Qingzhao，MIAO Zhuang，et al. Experimental study on mechanical response and crack evolution law of coal and sandstone under different stress environments[J]. PLoS One，2024，19(11)：e0313230.

[16] 孙飞跃，郭佳奇，刘希亮，等. 真三轴单面卸荷条件下中间主应力对深埋洞室岩爆影响特征[J]. 煤炭学报，2024，49(增刊1)：220−235.

SUN Feiyue，GUO Jiaqi，LIU Xiliang，et al. Influence of intermediate principal stress on rockburst in deep cavern under true triaxial condition with single face unloading[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2024，49(Sup.1)：220−235.

[17] 范浩，王磊，王连国. 不同应力路径下层理煤体力学特性试验研究[J]. 岩土力学，2024，45(2)：385−395.

FAN Hao，WANG Lei，WANG Lianguo. Experimental study on mechanical properties of bedding coal under different stress paths[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2024，45(2)：385−395.

[18] 许文松，赵光明，孟祥瑞，等. 真三轴加卸载岩体各向异性及能量演化机制[J]. 煤炭学报，2023，48(4)：1502−1515.

XU Wensong，ZHAO Guangming，MENG Xiangrui，et al. Anisotropy and energy evolution mechanism of rock mass under true triaxial loading–unloading[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2023，48(4)：1502−1515.

[19] CAO Anye，WANG Changbin，ZHANG Ning，et al. Experimental study on damage characteristics of coal samples under true triaxial loading and dynamic unloading[J]. Lithosphere，2022，2022：5447973.

[20] LIANG Yunpei，RAN Qican，ZOU Quanle，et al. Experimental study of mechanical behaviors and failure characteristics of coal under true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading and stress rotation[J]. Natural Resources Research，2022，31(2)：971−991.

[21] 钱鸣高，石平五，许家林. 矿山压力与岩层控制 (第2版)[M]. 徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，2010.

[22] 马念杰，赵希栋，赵志强，等. 深部采动巷道顶板稳定性分析与控制[J]. 煤炭学报，2015，40(10)：2287−2295.

MA Nianjie，ZHAO Xidong，ZHAO Zhiqiang，et al. Stability analysis and control technology of mine roadway roof in deep mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2015，40(10)：2287−2295.

[23] 郑贵强，连会青，凌标灿，等. 淮南煤田顾桥煤矿深煤层地应力测试[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版)，2013，32(10)：1324−1328.

ZHENG Guiqiang，LIAN Huiqing，LING Biaocan，et al. Measurement of geostress in deep coal seams in Guqiao coalmine of Huainan coal field[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University (Natural Science)，2013，32(10)：1324−1328.

[24] 李晓栋. 矩形巷道围岩锚固承载结构特性分析及稳定性评价[D]. 西安：西安科技大学，2020.

LI Xiaodong. Characteristic analysis and stability evaluation of anchoring bearing structure of surrounding rock in rectangular roadway[D]. Xi’an：Xi’an University of Science and Technology，2020.

[25] 龙驭球，包世华，袁驷. 结构力学Ⅰ：基础教程 (第4版)[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2018.

[26] 侯哲生，龚秋明，矫伟刚，等. 深埋圆形隧洞板裂化弧形岩板凹曲变形的论证[J]. 岩土工程学报，2013，35(3)：551−558.

HOU Zhesheng，GONG Qiuming，JIAO Weigang，et al. Demonstration of concave deformation of arc–shaped rock slabs in deep circular tunnels[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，2013，35(3)：551−558.

[27] 贾蓬，钱一锦，王茵，等. 基于声发射信息的热损伤花岗岩单轴压缩破裂机制及破裂前兆[J]. 工程科学学报，2023，45(12)：2129−2139.

JIA Peng，QIAN Yijin，WANG Yin，et al. Fracture mechanism and precursors of thermally damaged granite uniaxial compression based on acoustic emission information[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering，2023，45(12)：2129−2139.

[28] ANTONACI P，BOCCA P，MASERA D. Fatigue crack propagation monitoring by acoustic emission signal analysis[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics，2012，81：26−32.

[29] ISHIDA T，LABUZ J F，MANTHEI G，et al. ISRM suggested method for laboratory acoustic emission monitoring[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering，2017，50(3)：665−674.

[30] 许庆钊，史文豹，常聚才，等. 不同加载速率含水煤样力学响应及宏微观破坏机制研究[J]. 岩土力学，2025，46(3)：881−893.

XU Qingzhao，SHI Wenbao，CHANG Jucai，et al. Mechanical response and macro and micro failure mechanism of water–bearing coal samples with different loading rates[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2025，46(3)：881−893.

[31] 张学朋，王刚，蒋宇静，等. 基于颗粒离散元模型的花岗岩压缩试验模拟研究[J]. 岩土力学，2014，35(增刊1)：99−105.

ZHANG Xuepeng，WANG Gang，JIANG Yujing，et al. Simulation research on granite compression test based on particle discrete element model[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics，2014，35(Sup.1)：99−105.

[32] 罗怀廷，李俊孟，黄艳利，等. 露天矿排放矸石三轴压缩宏–细观力学特性研究[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报，2018，35(1)：170−178.

LUO Huaiting，LI Junmeng，HUANG Yanli，et al. Study on macro and microcosmic mechanical properties of crushed gangue from pit mine under triaxial compression[J]. Journal of Mining & Safety Engineering，2018，35(1)：170−178.

[33] 石钰，邢珍珍，詹可亮，等. 基于PFC的上向远距离被保护煤层横向裂隙时空演化规律研究[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报，2025，42(1)：229−238.

SHI Yu，XING Zhenzhen，ZHAN Keliang，et al. Research on spatial–temporal evolution law of transverse fractures in upward long–distance protected layer based on PFC[J]. Journal of Mining & Safety Engineering，2025，42(1)：229−238.

[34] 郭纪哲，冯增朝，李学成. 基于PFC^3D的花岗岩剪切破裂细观裂隙与能量演化规律探究[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2024，52(5)：60−70.

GUO Jizhe，FENG Zengchao，LI Xuecheng. Evolution of microcracks and energy of granite during shear test with PFC^3D[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2024，52(5)：60−70.

[35] 赵环帅，潘永泰，乔鑫，等. 不同加载速率下青砂岩破裂演化规律及能量利用效率分析[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2024，52(6)：69−78.

ZHAO Huanshuai，PAN Yongtai，QIAO Xin，et al. Fracturing evolutionary law and energy utilization efficiency of green sandstones under different loading rates[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2024，52(6)：69−78.