Research and application of the seismic exploration technique using reflected in-seam waves in identifying folds and faults in coal seams

Authors

WU Guoqing, Xi’an Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Corp., Xi’an 710077, ChinaFollow

Abstract

Background Accurately identifying subsurface anomalies is crucial to building a geological transparency system in the transformation to intelligent coal mines. The precise exploration of fold anomalies is a challenge of underground geophysical exploration technology, holding great significance for reducing excavation costs, mining difficulties, and safety risks. Objective and Methods Previous in-seam seismic explorations reveal that folds pose significant impacts on the propagation characteristics of in-seam waves. However, conventional inversion techniques of in-seam waves are difficult to distinguish folds from faults. This study constructed numerical models for faults and folds with similar geometric shapes and equal exploration distances. Specifically, the differences in wave field responses between faults and folds were determined by mining information on wave fields using the 3D wave field simulation technology. Subsequently, images were obtained through inversion using diffraction migration imaging. Results and Conclusions The results of this study are as follows: (1) Compared to fault anomalies, fold anomalies exhibit more dispersed and fuzzier waveforms of reflected in-seam waves, with energy unevenly distributed across different reflection points. (2) The direct in-seam waves corresponding to fold anomalies display higher signal-to-noise ratios at far offsets than those associated with faults. Moreover, fold anomalies can reduce the attenuation speed of direct in-seam waves. As a result, the distances that direct in-seam waves propagate in folds are about 1.5 times those in faults. (3) The energy difference between the reflected and the direct in-seam waves in faults is slight but that in folds is significant. (4) Fold anomalies manifest a lower dominant frequency of reflected in-seam waves than faults. This results in broadened frequency bands of direct and reflected in-seam waves. The reflected in-seam waves of fold anomalies exhibit slightly higher frequencies and velocity than their direct in-seam waves, while this feature is subtle for faults. (5) The reflecting surfaces of faults are typically located in the middle-upper part of fault planes, whereas the reflecting surfaces of fold anomalies tend to be in the middle part of the fold planes. Besides, fold anomalies display less continuous reflecting surfaces for diffraction migration imaging than faults. Based on the thorough analysis of wave fields and dispersion characteristics mentioned above, this study investigated the No. 15 coal seam in a coal mine in Yangquan, Shanxi, as an example. Using the seismic exploration technique through diffraction migration imaging of reflected in-seam waves, this study qualitatively identified faults and folds in the coal seam on the side walls of the roadway in the coal mine and clearly described the morphologies of folds. The findings of this study provide both a more accurate geological basis for the rational layout of the mining face in mining areas and strong technical support for the safe production and efficient mining of coal mines.

Keywords

mine safety, in-seam seismic exploration, reflected in-seam wave, geological anomaly, fold, fault, numerical simulation

DOI

10.12363/issn.1001-1986.23.10.0680

Recommended Citation

W. (2024) "Research and application of the seismic exploration technique using reflected in-seam waves in identifying folds and faults in coal seams," Coal Geology & Exploration: Vol. 52: Iss. 9, Article 15.
DOI: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.23.10.0680
Available at: https://cge.researchcommons.org/journal/vol52/iss9/15

Reference

[1] 袁亮，张平松. 煤炭精准开采透明地质条件的重构与思考[J]. 煤炭学报，2020，45(7)：2346−2356.

YUAN Liang，ZHANG Pingsong. Framework and thinking of transparent geological conditions for precise mining of coal[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2020，45(7)：2346−2356.

[2] 彭苏萍. 我国煤矿安全高效开采地质保障系统研究现状及展望[J]. 煤炭学报，2020，45(7)：2331−2345.

PENG Suping. Current status and prospects of research on geological assurance system for coal mine safe and high efficient mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2020，45(7)：2331−2345.

[3] 张登龙. 谈褶曲构造对煤矿生产的影响[J]. 矿业安全与环保，2002，29(增刊1)：89−90.

ZHANG Denglong. Influence of folded structure on coal production[J]. Mining Safety & Environmental Protection，2002，29(Sup.1)：89−90.

[4] 马东晓. 褶皱构造对煤矿安全生产影响分析[J]. 煤炭经济研究，2010(11)：93−94.

Ma Dongxiao. Analysis of influence of fold structure on coal mine safety production[J]. Coal Economic Research，2010(11)：93−94.

[5] 金学良，王琦. 煤矿采区高密度三维地震勘探模式与效果[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2020，48(6)：1−7.

JIN Xueliang，WANG Qi. Pattern and efect of the high density 3D seismic exploration in coal mining districts[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2020，48(6)：1−7.

[6] 赵立明，崔若飞. 全数字高密度三维地震勘探在煤田精细构造解释中的应用[J]. 地球物理学进展，2014，29(5)：2332−2336.

ZHAO Liming，CUI Ruofei. Application of digital high-density seismic exploration in fine structural interpretation in coalfield[J]. Progress in Geophysics，2014，29(5)：2332−2336.

[7] 刘增平. 高密度三维地震勘探技术在褶曲识别中的应用[J]. 能源技术与管理，2022，47(1)：170−172.

LIU Zengping. Application of high-density 3D seismic exploration technology in fold identification[J]. Energy Technology and Management，2022，47(1)：170−172.

[8] 朱伟，毛仲涛. 煤矿掘进生产遇褶曲或断层构造的识别与找煤方法[J]. 山西科技，2019，34(4)：142−146.

ZHU Wei，MAO Zhongtao. Identification of folded or fault structure encountered in coal mining production and coal finding method[J]. Shanxi Science and Technology，2019，34(4)：142−146.

[9] 郑泱硕. 上京矿区褶曲构造识别、判断与处理方法[J]. 内蒙古煤炭经济，2016(13)：149−151.

ZHENG Yangshuo. Identification，judgment and treatment methods of fold structure in Shangjing mining area[J]. Inner Mongolia Coal Economy，2016(13)：149−151.

[10] 关金锋，马静驰，丁志伟，等. 利用穿层瓦斯抽采钻孔探测煤层小褶曲工程实践[J]. 煤矿安全，2018，49(6)：118−121.

GUAN Jinfeng，MA Jingchi，DING Zhiwei，et al. Engineering practice of using through-layered gas drainage drilling hole to detect small folds in coal seam[J]. Safety in Coal Mines，2018，49(6)：118−121.

[11] 田宏亮，张金宝，王力，等，煤矿井下碎软煤层气动定向钻进技术与装备研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2024，52(6)：154–165.

TAN Hongliang，ZHANG Jinbao，WANG Li，et al. Pneumatic directional drilling technology and equipment for broken–sofcoal seams in underground coal mines[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2024，52(6)：154–165.

[12] 张平松，欧元超，李圣林. 我国矿井物探技术及装备的发展现状与思考[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2021，49(7)：1−15.

ZHANG Pingsong，OU Yuanchao，LI Shenglin. Development quo-status and thinking of mine geophysical prospecting technology and equipment in China[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2021，49(7)：1−15.

[13] 刘天放，潘冬明，李德春，等. 槽波地震勘探[M]. 徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1994.

[14] 胡国泽，滕吉文，皮娇龙，等. 井下槽波地震勘探：预防煤矿灾害的一种地球物理方法[J]. 地球物理学进展，2013，28(1)：439−451.

HU Guoze，TENG Jiwen，PI Jiaolong，et al. In-seam seismic exploration techniques—a geophsical method predictting coal-Mine disaster[J]. Progress in Geophysics，2013，28(1)：439−451.

[15] BUCHANAN D J，DAVIS R，JACKSON P J，et al. Fault detection in coal by channel wave seismology：Some case histories[J]. Exploration Geophysics，1981，12(1/2)：13−19.

[16] SUN Huachao，ZHANG Huide，WANG Jinyun，et al. Study on wave field characteristics and imaging of collapse column in three-dimensional detection with love channel wave reflected outside the working face[J]. Open Journal of Geology，2020，10(11)：1027−1039.

[17] 徐兵，王季，李刚. 煤层挠曲构造的反射槽波探测研究与实践[J]. 煤炭与化工，2018，41(11)：68−70.

XU Bing，WANG Ji，LI Gang. Research and practice of reflection in-seam wave detection in coal seam flexural structure[J]. Coal and Chemical Industry，2018，41(11)：68−70.

[18] 杜楠. 槽波反射技术在厚煤层挠曲构造探测的研究与实践[J]. 煤矿现代化，2021，3(30)：106–108.

DU Nan. Research and practice of channel wave reflection technology in detection of thick coal seam flexure structure. Coal Mine Modernization[J]，2021，3(30)：106–108.

[19] 王晋生. 阳煤五矿褶皱和挠曲构造对煤层开采的影响[J]. 煤矿开采，2015，20(1)：20−22.

WANG Jinsheng. Influence of fold and flexural structure on coal seam mining[J]. Coal Mining Technology，2015，20(1)：20−22.

[20] 刘最亮，冯梅梅. 阳泉矿区新景矿构造煤发育规律的数值模拟[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2018，46(4)：35−43.

LIU Zuiliang，FENG Meimei. Numerical simulation study on the development patterns of tectonically deformed coal in Xinjing Coal Mine in Yangquan[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2018，46(4)：35−43.

[21] 范徳元，吴国庆，马彦龙. 槽波技术在阳泉矿区地质异常体探测中的应用研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2021，49(4)：33−39.

FAN Deyuan，WU Guoqing，MA Yanlong. Application of in–seam wave technology in geological anomaly detection of Yangquan Mining Area[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2021，49(4)：33−39.

[22] 吴国庆，马彦龙. 地质透明化工作面内多种异常体的槽波解释方法研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术，2023，51(5)：149−160.

WU Guoqing，MA Yanlong. Research on the interpretation method of channel waves for various abnormal bodies in geologically transparent working faces[J]. Coal Science and Technology，2023，51(5)：149−160.

[23] 令狐建设，闫志铭，徐超. 阳泉矿区差异地质构造对煤体突出物性参数的影响[J]. 煤矿安全，2020，51(9)：20−23.

LINGHU Jianshe，YAN Zhiming，XU Chao. Influence of different geological structures in Yangquan mining area on outburst-related physical parameters of coal[J]. Safety in Coal Mines，2020，51(9)：20−23.

[24] 程建远，朱梦博，王云宏，等. 煤炭智能精准开采工作面地质模型梯级构建及其关键技术[J]. 煤炭学报，2019，44(8)：2285−2295.

CHENG Jianyuan，ZHU Mengbo，WANG Yunhong，et al. Cascade construction of geological model of longwall panel for intelligent precision coal mining and its key technology[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2019，44(8)：2285−2295.

[25] 姬广忠. 煤巷侧帮反射槽波成像方法及应用研究[D]. 北京：煤炭科学研究总院，2017.

JI Guangzhong. Study on imaging method and application of reflection groove wave in coal roadway side wall[D]. Beijing：China Coal Research Institute，2017.

[26] 王季，叶红星，张广忠，等. 煤矿反射槽波探测技术研究评述[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2023，51(2)：292−300.

WANG Ji，YE Hongxing，ZHANG Guangzhong，et al. A review on research of reflected in-seam wave detection technology in coal mine[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2023，51(2)：292−300.

[27] 王季. 反射槽波探测采空巷道的实验与方法[J]. 煤炭学报，2015，40(8)：1879−1885.

WANG Ji. Experiment and method of void roadway detection using reflected in–seam wave[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2015，40(8)：1879−1885.

[28] 李梓毓，焦阳，李江华，等. 槽波反射法在工作面大断层上下两盘延伸发育探测中的应用[J]. 煤矿安全，2019，50(9)：155−159.

LI Ziyu，JIAO Yang，LI Jianghua，et al. Application of in-seam wave reflection method in detecting extension development of upper and lower plates of large faults in working face[J]. Safety in Coal Mines，2019，50(9)：155−159.

[29] 王玉娇. 反射槽波在工作面内多条平行断层探测中的研究与应用[J]. 煤炭技术，2020，39(8)：69−73.

WANG Yujiao. Research and application of reflected in-seam wave detection technology in detection of multiple parallel faults in working face[J]. Coal Technology，2020，39(8)：69−73.

[30] 姬广忠. 反射槽波绕射偏移成像及应用[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2017，45(1)：121−124.

JI Guangzhong. Diffraction migration imaging of reflected in-seam waves and its application[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2017，45(1)：121−124.

[31] 马彦龙. 反射槽波探测陷落柱正演模拟及应用研究[J]. 能源与环保，2021，43(5)：138−144.

MA Yanlong. Forward modeling and application of reflection trough wave detection collapse column[J]. China Energy and Environmental Protection，2021，43(5)：138−144.

[32] 程建远，姬广忠，朱培民. 典型含煤模型Love型槽波的频散特征分析[J]. 煤炭学报，2012，37(1)：67−72.

CHENG Jianyuan，JI Guangzhong，ZHU Peimin. Love channel-waves dispersion characteristic analysis of typical coal models[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2012，37(1)：67−72.

[33] 姬广忠，程建远，朱培民，等. 煤矿井下槽波三维数值模拟及频散分析[J]. 地球物理学报，2012，55(2)：645−654.

JI Guangzhong，CHENG Jianyuan，ZHU Peimin，et al. 3-D numerical simulation and dispersion analysis of in-seam wave in underground coal mine[J]. Chine-se Journal Geophysics，2012，55(2)：645−654.

[34] 姬广忠，程建远，胡继武，等. 槽波衰减系数成像方法及其应用[J]. 煤炭学报，2014，39(增刊2)：471−475.

JI Guangzhong，CHENG Jianyuan，HU Jiwu，et al. In-seam wave-imaging using attenuation coefficient：Method and application[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2014，39(Sup.2)：471−475.

[35] 何文欣. 工作面断层的三维槽波波场模拟与探测方法研究[D]. 徐州：中国矿业大学，2017.

HE Wenxin. Study on simulation and detection method of three-dimensional groove wave field of fault in working face[D]. Xuzhou：China University of Mining and Technology，2017.

[36] 王保利，金丹，张唤兰，等. 煤层中断层的透射槽波定量响应特征[J]. 煤炭学报，2022，47(8)：2985−2991.

WANG Baoli，JIN Dan，ZHANG Huanlan，et al. Quantitative response characteristics of transmitted in-seam channel wave in coal seam with faults[J]. Journal of China Coal Society，2022，47(8)：2985−2991.

[37] 刘强，胡继武，王盼，等. Love 型槽波物理模拟及对断层的响应研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2023，51(12)：116−122.

LIU Qiang，HU Jiwu，WANG Pan，et al. Analogue modeling of Love-type channel waves and their response to faults[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2023，51(12)：116−122.

[38] 王一，秦怀珠. 阳泉矿区地质构造特征及形成机制浅析[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，1998，26(6)：24−27.

WANG Yi，QIN Huaizhu. Analysis of geological structure characteristics and formation mechanism in Yangquan Mining Area[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，1998，26(6)：24−27.

[39] 李刚. 煤矿井下反射槽波成像方法研究及其应用[J]. 煤炭工程，2016，48(12)：50−52.

LI Gang. Research and application of reflected channel wave imaging in underground mine[J]. Coal Engineering，2016，48(12)：50−52.

[40] 王保利，金丹. 矿井槽波地震数据处理系统Geo Coal软件开发与应用[J]. 煤田地质与勘探，2019，47(1)：174−180.

WANG Baoli，JIN Dan. Development and application of GeoCoal for in-seam seismic data processing[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration，2019，47(1)：174−180.