Construction and restoration technology of terrain remodeling layer in the restoration of ecological geological layer in open-pit mining areas

Authors

ZHAO Xin, Carbon Neutral Research Institute, China Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100039, ChinaFollow
WANG Tong, China Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100038, ChinaFollow
LI Congcong, School of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China; China Coal Aerial Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710199, China
LIN Zhongyue, Carbon Neutral Research Institute, China Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100039, China; China Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100038, China
LI Fei, Guangdong Bureau of Coal Geology of China National Administration of Coal Geology, Guangzhou 510170, China
WANG Weichao, Qinghai Bureau of Coal Geology of China National Administration of Coal Geology, Xining 810015, China
FENG Kangning, Geological Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing 100101, China
YIN Yalei, School of Geosciences & Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
JIANG Zhe, Carbon Neutral Research Institute, China Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100039, China

Abstract

Mining can easily result in a series of change in the geomorphic form, such as irregular mining pits, high and steep slopes, slag hills, primitive soil failure and accumulated water in mining pits in the plateau and alpine mining area, which is in disharmony with the surrounding environment. Such changes of geomorphic form will not only adversely affect the surface ecological environment, but also bring different degrees of influence and damage to the shallow groundwater seepage field and the permafrost. In particular, the geological hazards and disasters such as landslides and collapses may even be resulted in. In response to these problems, the author put forward the idea and method of remodeling the mine landform after mining by constructing the terrain remodeling layer from the geological perspective. The key restoration technique of terrain remodeling layer was applied to the ecological environment governance and restoration in plateau and alpine open-pit mining area of Muli in Qinghai, with remarkable results achieved. Firstly, the terrain remodeling layer is identified, which is the complex shaped surface that plays a decisive role in controlling the stability and safety of terrain undulation, mining pits, and slag hill slopes. Definitely, the terrain remodeling layer is a complex, irregular and dynamically changing remodeling layer, which is a case of eco-geological restoration. Herein, the construction idea and method of terrain remolding layer was proposed as follows. (1) The mining pit, its slope and the slag hill after mining are systematically investigated, monitored and evaluated through the air-space-ground integrated geological exploration and monitoring. (2) The target geological body to be restored is classified based on the different restoration and governance objects. Here, the rock slopes were classified into 4 categories and 13 types by the changes in the lithology of the slope and the relationship between the inclination of the rock layers and the slope direction. (3) The morphology and occurrence of terrain remodeling layers for different restored geological bodies are determined through the theoretical calculations and field survey. (4) The comprehensive management of the mining pits and slag hills, as well as the restoration of mining terrain and landforms, can be achieved by soil covering and greening according to the field conditions. In this paper, the construction and restoration technology of terrain remolding layer was systematically discussed based on Muli mining area in Qingdao. For the restoration of the mining pit bottom, a reasonable bottom pattern should be designed with consideration to the depth of the damaged mining pit and the current condition of the terrain, so as to prevent the occurrence of geological disasters such as the secondary landslide or collapse. For slope treatment and restoration, it was determined through theoretical calculation and field observation that the reasonable slope angle should be less than 26° for the slope stability in Muli mining area. For slope treatment, the methods, including slope cleaning and building of step slope, should be adopted according to different types of rock slope, so as to ensure the stability of mining pit slope and later vegetation greening. For the treatment of special slag hill slope, it is necessary to form a shell of slag hill like an egg shell by building a hard terrain remodeling layer, to stabilize the terrain and landform, prevent soil erosion and conserving water sources. Comparison of the treatment results with the remote sensing image data before and after the mining area treatment shows that: the terrain of the mining area was disordered, the slope angle was large and unstable, and the vegetation was degraded before treatment. However, the slope angle of the mining area is basically below 26° and the vegetation grows well after the topographic and geomorphic remodeling, indicating a remarkable result of treatment. Generally, the construction method and restoration technology of terrain remolding layer proposed in this paper provide a new idea and method for the ecological management of plateau and alpine mining areas and the restoration of mine topography.

Keywords

plateau and alpine area, open-pit mining area, mine ecological environment, eco-geological layer, terrain remolding layer, slope instability, Muli mining area in Qinghai

DOI

10.12363/issn.1001-1986.23.02.0096

Recommended Citation

ZHAO Xin, WANG Tong, LI Congcong, et al. (2023) "Construction and restoration technology of terrain remodeling layer in the restoration of ecological geological layer in open-pit mining areas," Coal Geology & Exploration: Vol. 51: Iss. 7, Article 13.
DOI: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.23.02.0096
Available at: https://cge.researchcommons.org/journal/vol51/iss7/13

Reference

[1] 彭苏萍,毕银丽. 黄河流域煤矿区生态环境修复关键技术与战略思考[J]. 煤炭学报,2020,45(4):1211−1221.

PENG Suping,BI Yinli. Strategic consideration and core technology about environmental ecological restoration in coal mine areas in the Yellow River Basin of China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2020,45(4):1211−1221.

[2] 武强,刘宏磊,赵海卿,等. 解决矿山环境问题的“九节鞭”[J]. 煤炭学报,2019,44(1):10−22.

WU Qiang,LIU Honglei,ZHAO Haiqing,et al. Discussion on the nine aspects of addressing environmental problems of mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2019,44(1):10−22.

[3] 武强,刘宏磊,敖嫩,等. 矿山环境正效应开发利用理论模式与工程应用[J]. 煤炭学报,2022,47(4):1405−1415.

WU Qiang,LIU Honglei,AO Nen,et al. Development and utilization models for the positive environmental impacts in mines[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2022,47(4):1405−1415.

[4] 武强,刘宏磊,陈奇,等. 矿山环境修复治理模式理论与实践[J]. 煤炭学报,2017,42(5):1085−1092.

WU Qiang,LIU Honglei,CHEN Qi,et al. Theoretical study of mine geo–environmental restoration model and its application[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(5):1085−1092.

[5] 王佟,蔡杏兰,李飞,等. 高原高寒矿区生态地质层修复中的土壤层构建与成分变化差异[J]. 煤炭学报,2022,47(6):2407−2419.

WANG Tong,CAI Xinglan,LI Fei,et al. Soil layer construction and composition changes in restoration of ecological and geological layer in alpine mining area on plateau[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2022,47(6):2407−2419.

[6] 刘帅,熊涛,孙浩,等. 高原高寒木里矿区生态治理中土壤重构治理效果研究[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2021,33(11):77−80.

LIU Shuai,XIONG Tao,SUN Hao,et al. Study on plateau frigid zone Muli mining area ecological management soil reconfiguration effect[J]. Coal Geology of China,2021,33(11):77−80.

[7] 孙学阳,夏玉成. 煤矿区构造环境内涵及类型划分[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2015,43(4):79−84.

SUN Xueyang,XIA Yucheng. Connotation of tectonic setting in coal area and its type division[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2015,43(4):79−84.

[8] 李凤明,丁鑫品,孙家恺. 我国采煤沉陷区生态环境现状与治理技术发展趋势[J]. 煤矿安全,2021,52(11):232−239.

LI Fengming,DING Xinpin,SUN Jiakai. Ecological environment status and development trend of governance technology of coal mining subsidence area in China[J]. Safety in Coal Mines,2021,52(11):232−239.

[9] 冯洁,王苏健,陈通,等. 生态脆弱矿区土层中导水裂缝带发育高度研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2018,46(1):97−100.

FENG Jie,WANG Sujian,CHEN Tong,et al. Height of water flowing fractured zone of soil layer in the ecologically fragile mining area[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2018,46(1):97−100.

[10] 王滋贯,赵丹,王瑞雪. 我国矿区棕地综合治理及再利用[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2017,45(5):127−134.

WANG Ziguan,ZHAO Dan,WANG Ruixue. Sustainable management and reuse of brownfield in China’s mining areas[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2017,45(5):127−134.

[11] 郭振忠,高强,李恩全,等. 矸石回填复垦技术在许厂煤矿土地治理中的应用[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2019,47(增刊1):62−64.

GUO Zhenzhong,GAO Qiang,LI Enquan,et al. Application of gangue backfilling and reclamation technology in land management of Xuchang Coal Mine[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2019,47(Sup.1):62−64.

[12] 王晓东,徐拴海,张卫东,等. 高海拔多年冻土区露采矿山边坡水冰环境特征分析[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2018,46(2):97−104.

WANG Xiaodong,XU Shuanhai,ZHANG Weidong,et al. Water and ice environments of open pit slope in high altitude area[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2018,46(2):97−104.

[13] 周宏轩,王昭清,濮宏桐,等. 基于植被区划和生态敏感性的中国煤矿生态恢复策略[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(7):145−156.

ZHOU Hongxuan,WANG Zhaoqing,PU Hongtong,et al. Ecological restoration strategies for coal mines in China based on vegetation zones and ecological sensitivity[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(7):145−156.

[14] 王海,王永刚,张雁,等. 生态脆弱露天矿区截水帷幕下松散层水位演化规律[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(7):36−43.

WANG Hai,WANG Yonggang,ZHANG Yan,et al. Water level evolution pattern of loose layers under water cutoff curtain in ecologically fragile open–pit mines[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(7):36−43.

[15] 王佟,刘峰,赵欣,等. 生态地质层理论及其在矿山环境治理修复中的应用[J]. 煤炭学报,2022,47(10):3759−3773.

WANG Tong,LIU Feng,ZHAO Xin,et al. Theory of ecological geological layer and its application in mine environment remediation[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2022,47(10):3759−3773.

[16] 王佟,孙杰,江涛,等. 煤炭生态地质勘查基本构架与科学问题[J]. 煤炭学报,2020,45(1):276−284.

WANG Tong,SUN Jie,JIANG Tao,et al. Basic configuration and scientific problems of coal eco–geological survey[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2020,45(1):276−284.

[17] 林中月. 青海煤炭资源勘查开发的生态地质条件分析[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2020,32(2):5−7.

LIN Zhongyue. Coal resources exploration and exploitation eco−geological condition analysis in Qinghai Province[J]. Coal Geology of China,2020,32(2):5−7.

[18] 谢志清,王佟,万余庆,等. 遥感技术在西北生态脆弱区生态地质勘查中的应用研究[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2020,32(2):34−38.

XIE Zhiqing,WANG Tong,WAN Yuqing,et al. Application of remote sensing on eco−geological exploration in northwest China ecologically vulnerable area[J]. Coal Geology of China,2020,32(2):34−38.

[19] 李聪聪,王佟,王辉,等. 木里煤田聚乎更矿区生态环境修复监测技术与方法[J]. 煤炭学报,2021,46(5):1451−1462.

LI Congcong,WANG Tong,WANG Hui,et al. Monitoring technology and method of ecological environment rehabilitation and treatment in Jvhugeng mining area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2021,46(5):1451−1462.

[20] 王伟超,文怀军,王宏宇,等. 青海地区煤盆地生态地质勘查分区分析研究[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2020,32(2):8−12.

WANG Weichao,WEN Huaijun,WANG Hongyu,et al. Analytic study on coal basin eco−geological exploration zoning in Qinghai Province[J]. Coal Geology of China,2020,32(2):8−12.

[21] 陈倩倩. 基于强度折减有限元法的边坡失稳判据研究[D]. 西安：长安大学，2015.

CHEN Qianqian. Research on the instability criterion of slope based on shear strength reduction finite element method[D]. Xi’an：Chang’an University，2015.

[22] 关晓锋,周汉民. 高台阶排土场滑坡机理研究及稳定性计算分析[J]. 有色金属(矿山部分),2012,64(2):67−69.

GUAN Xiaofeng,ZHOU Hanmin. Study on landslide mechanism and stability analysis of high bench waste dump[J]. Nonferrous Metals (Mining Section),2012,64(2):67−69.

[23] 梁振新,刘世明,王伟超,等. 祁连山木里矿区冻土资源分布特征及其环境效应[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2021,33(12):70−75.

LIANG Zhenxin,LIU Shiming,WANG Weichao,et al. Muli mining area permafrost resources distribution features and environmental effect in Qilian Mountains[J]. Coal Geology of China,2021,33(12):70−75.

[24] 王佟,韩效忠,邓军,等. 论中国煤炭地质勘查工作在新条件下的定位与重大研究问题[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2023,51(2):27−44.

WANG Tong,LIU Tianji,SHAO Longyi,et al. Characteristics and origins of the gas hydrates in the Muli Coalfield of Qinghai[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2023,51(2):27−44.

[25] 王佟,杜斌,李聪聪,等. 高原高寒煤矿区生态环境修复治理模式与关键技术[J]. 煤炭学报,2021,46(1):230−244.

WANG Tong,DU Bin,LI Congcong,et al. Ecological environment rehabilitation management model and key technologies in plateau alpine coal mine[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2021,46(1):230−244.

[26] 刘翔. 矿山地质环境地形地貌景观现状评估量化分级:以陕西省两个煤矿为例[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2015,43(6):92−96.

LIU Xiang. Quantitative grading of status evaluation of landforms and landscape in mining geo–environments:A case study of two coal mines in Shaanxi Province[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2015,43(6):92−96.

[27] 杨创,王佟,李聪聪,等. 青海高原高寒地区生态环境修复治理中的水系连通技术[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2022,34(4):46−51.

YANG Chuang,WANG Tong,LI Congcong,et al. Hydrographic net connection technology in Qinghai plateau frigid zone environmental rehabilitation governance[J]. Coal Geology of China,2022,34(4):46−51.

[28] 王佟,章梅,徐辉,等. 青海木里煤田聚乎更矿区土壤肥力及重金属风险评价[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2022,50(4):113−120.

WANG Tong,ZHANG Mei,XU Hui,et al. Soil fertility and heavy metal risk assessment in Jvhugeng mining area,Muli Coalfield,Qinghai Province[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2022,50(4):113−120.

[29] 李永红,李希来,唐俊伟,等. 青海木里高寒矿区生态修复“七步法”种草技术研究[J]. 中国煤炭地质,2021,33(7):57−60.

LI Yonghong,LI Xilai,TANG Junwei,et al. Study on “seven–step”grass planting technology for ecological rehabilitation of frigid zone Muli mining area in Qinghai[J]. Coal Geology of China,2021,33(7):57−60.

[30] 王佟，王海宁，潘树仁. 青海高原高寒木里矿区生态环境修复治理图解[M]. 北京：中国经济出版社，2022.