Ecological natural restoration and its artificial promotion mode in coal mining area

Authors

LIU Wei, Central South Academy of Inventory and Planning of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Changsha 410014, ChinaFollow
YIN Qinrui, China Coal Pingshuo Group Co., Ltd., Shuozhou 036006, China
LIU Xianghong, CCTEG Beijing Research Institute of Land Renovation and Ecological Restoration Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China; CCTEG Chinese Institute of Coal Science, Beijing 100013, China; Research Center of Land Renovation and Ecological Restoration Engineering in the Coal Industry, Beijing 100013, ChinaFollow

Abstract

The natural ecological restoration is an important direction of the national ecological restoration policy. Taking limited artificial measures to promote the natural ecological restoration in coal mining areas is in line with the actual engineering requirements under the context of "double carbon" goal and thus has a better prospect in market application. Herein, the research results in terms of natural ecological restoration were sorted out systematically for the three main types of damaged land in the coal mining areas. Meanwhile, the concept connotation of artificial promotion of natural restoration was studied and analyzed. Besides, the governance mode by zone and classification, and the main technical direction, of artificial promotion of natural ecological restoration were discussed in combination with the characteristics of damaged ecological habitats in coal mining areas. The research shows that the implementation of artificial promotion measures by zoning and classification is the main strategy to promote the natural ecological restoration in the coal mining area with low disturbance and high efficiency. Based on the assessment of the natural ecological restoration potential in the coal mining area, three types of regional governance systems can be established on the principles of no interference in most areas and artificial treatment in the key area for the artificial promotion of natural ecological restoration in the specific implementation. The technical methods, such as the protection and promotion of existing vegetation, the planting of native vegetation that is easy to proliferate, the reconstruction and improvement of micro-regional soil, and the shaping of micro-topography and landform, should be used to promote the natural ecological restoration potential in the coal mining areas. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the relationship between micro-topography and vegetation restoration in the mining areas, and the selection of the implementation area of artificial promotion measures, so as to effectively improve the efficiency of ecological governance and reduce the project cost. Generally, this study could provide the basic theoretical and technical strategy support for the economic, efficient and stable realization of ecological restoration objectives in the coal mining areas.

Keywords

ecological restoration，natural restoration，artificial promotion，coal mining area

DOI

10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0512

Recommended Citation

LIU Wei, YIN Qinrui, LIU Xianghong, et al. (2023) "Ecological natural restoration and its artificial promotion mode in coal mining area," Coal Geology & Exploration: Vol. 51: Iss. 4, Article 13.
DOI: 10.12363/issn.1001-1986.22.06.0512
Available at: https://cge.researchcommons.org/journal/vol51/iss4/13

Reference

[1] 毕银丽,郭晨,王坤. 煤矿区复垦土壤的生物改良研究进展[J]. 煤炭科学技术,2020,48(4):52−59.

BI Yinli,GUO Chen,WANG Kun. Research progress of biological improvement of reclaimed soil in coal mining area[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2020,48(4):52−59.

[2] 卫智军,李青丰,贾鲜艳,等. 矿业废弃地的植被恢复与重建[J]. 水土保持学报,2003,17(4):172−175.

WEI Zhijun,LI Qingfeng,JIA Xianyan,et al. Vegetation recovery on industrial mining disposal site[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(4):172−175.

[3] 杜华栋,曹祎晨,聂文杰,等. 黄土沟壑区采煤塌陷地人工与自然植被恢复下土壤性质演变特征[J]. 煤炭学报,2021,46(5):1641−1649.

DU Huadong,CAO Yichen,NIE Wenjie,et al. Evolution of soil properties under artificial and natural revegetation in loess gully coal mining subsidence area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2021,46(5):1641−1649.

[4] 宋百敏. 北京西山废弃采石场生态恢复研究：自然恢复的过程、特征与机制[D]. 济南：山东大学，2008.

SONG Baimin. The studies on the ecological restoration in abandoned quarry in Xishan Mountain in Beijing：Progress，characters and mechanism of natural restoration[D]. Jinan：Shandong University，2008.

[5] 王琼,辜再元,史春华,等. 废弃采石场植被自然恢复过程中物种多样性变化特征[J]. 环境科学研究,2009,22(11):1305−1311.

WANG Qiong,GU Zaiyuan,SHI Chunhua,et al. Variation characteristics of the species diversity of abandoned quarries during natural restoration process[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(11):1305−1311.

[6] HODACOVA D,PRACH K. Spoil heaps from brown coal mining:Technical reclamation versus spontaneous revegetation[J]. Restoration Ecology,2003,11(3):385−391.

[7] 徐嵩龄. 采矿地的生态重建和恢复生态学[J]. 科技导报,1994,12(3):49−51.

XU Songling. Ecological reconstruction at mines and restoration ecology[J]. Science and Technology Review,1994,12(3):49−51.

[8] 胡振琪,龙精华,王新静. 论煤矿区生态环境的自修复、自然修复和人工修复[J]. 煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1751−1757.

HU Zhenqi,LONG Jinghua,WANG Xinjing. Self–healing,natural restoration and artificial restoration of ecological environment for coal mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1751−1757.

[9] 陈超,胡振琪,台晓丽,等. 风积沙区土地生态损伤自修复能力评价[J]. 中国煤炭,2015,41(10):124−128.

CHEN Chao,HU Zhenqi,TAI Xiaoli,et al. Evaluation on self−healing capability of land ecological damage in aeolian sand area[J]. China Coal,2015,41(10):124−128.

[10] 白中科,师学义,周伟,等. 人工如何支持引导生态系统自然修复[J]. 中国土地科学,2020,34(9):1−9.

BAI Zhongke,SHI Xueyi,ZHOU Wei,et al. How does artificiality support and guide the natural restoration of ecosystems[J]. China Land Science,2020,34(9):1−9.

[11] 刘震. 以人与自然和谐相处的理念为指导 正确把握人工治理与生态自我修复的关系[J]. 中国水土保持,2004(8):1−3.

LIU Zhen. Guided by the concept of harmonious coexistence between human and nature,correctly grasp the relationship between artificial governance and ecological self−healing[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2004(8):1−3.

[12] EGGERMONT H,BALIAN E,AZEVEDO J M N,et al. Nature–based Solutions:New influence for environmental management and research in Europe[J]. GAIA–Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society,2015,24(4):243−248.

[13] COHEN−SHACHAM E，WALTERS G，JANZEN C，et al. Nature−based Solutions to address global societal challenges[M]. Gland：IUCN，2016.

[14] VITI M,LOWE R,SORUP H J D,et al. Knowledge gaps and future research needs for assessing the non−market benefits of Nature−based Solutions and Nature−based Solution−like strategies[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2022,841:156636.

[15] 于贵瑞,朱剑兴,徐丽,等. 中国生态系统碳汇功能提升的技术途径:基于自然解决方案[J]. 中国科学院院刊,2022,37(4):490−501.

YU Guirui,ZHU Jianxing,XU Li,et al. Technological approaches to enhance ecosystem carbon sink in China:Nature−based Solutions[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2022,37(4):490−501.

[16] 田惠玲,朱建华,李宸宇,等. 基于自然的解决方案:林业增汇减排路径、潜力与经济性评价[J]. 气候变化研究进展,2021,17(2):195−203.

TIAN Huiling,ZHU Jianhua,LI Chenyu,et al. Nature–based Solution:Potential and economic benefits of carbon removal or carbon emission reduction through forestry approaches[J]. Climate Change Research,2021,17(2):195−203.

[17] 杨崇曜,周妍,陈妍,等. 基于NbS的山水林田湖草生态保护修复实践探索[J]. 地学前缘,2021,28(4):25−34.

YANG Chongyao,ZHOU Yan,CHEN Yan,et al. Ecosystem conservation and restoration through Nature–based Solutions[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2021,28(4):25−34.

[18] 周妍,陈妍,应凌霄,等. 山水林田湖草生态保护修复技术框架研究[J]. 地学前缘,2021,28(4):14−24.

ZHOU Yan,CHEN Yan,YING Lingxiao,et al. A technical framework for ecosystem conservation and restoration[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2021,28(4):14−24.

[19] 崔君,魏海英,王晓军. 基于NbS的矿山可持续性评价研究:以北岳恒山露天矿区为例[J]. 中国矿业,2022,31(5):69−74.

CUI Jun,WEI Haiying,WANG Xiaojun. Research on assessment of sustainability in coal mine based on NbS of Hengshan open–pit mining area[J]. China Mining Magazine,2022,31(5):69−74.

[20] 陈宝强,张建军,赵荣玮,等. 晋西黄土区极陡坡植物群落特征及自然恢复困难度分析[J]. 水土保持学报,2016,30(4):329−335.

CHEN Baoqiang,ZHANG Jianjun,ZHAO Rongwei,et al. Vegetation community characteristics and difficulty degree of vegetation natural restoration on extremely steep slopes of loess area in western Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(4):329−335.

[21] BRADSHAW A. The use of natural processes in reclamation–advantages and difficulties[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning，2000，51(2/3/4)：89–100.

[22] 张信宝. 造林困难地区植被恢复的科学检讨及建议[J]. 人民长江,2004,35(10):6−7.

ZHANG Xinbao. Scientific examination and suggestions on vegetation restoration in afforestation−difficult area[J]. Yangtze River,2004,35(10):6−7.

[23] BRADSHAW A. Restoration of mined lands–using natural processes[J]. Ecological Engineering,1997,8(4):255−269.

[24] 史沛丽,张玉秀,胡振琪,等. 采煤塌陷对中国西部风沙区土壤质量的影响机制及修复措施[J]. 中国科学院大学学报,2017,34(3):318−328.

SHI Peili,ZHANG Yuxiu,HU Zhenqi,et al. Influence mechanism of coal mining subsidence on soil quality and restoration measures in west China aeolian sand area[J]. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,34(3):318−328.

[25] 张新时. 生态重建是生态文明建设的核心[J]. 中国科学:生命科学,2014,44(3):221−222.

ZHANG Xinshi. Ecological restoration is the core of ecological civilization[J]. Scientia Sinica Vitae,2014,44(3):221−222.

[26] 孙庆业，杨林章，安树青，等. 尾矿废弃地的自然生态恢复：以铜陵铜尾矿废弃地为例[C]//中国生态学会. 第二届全国复合生态与循环经济学术讨论会论文集. 北京：中国科学技术出版社，2005：251–257.

[27] 杨振意,薛立,许建新. 采石场废弃地的生态重建研究进展[J]. 生态学报,2012,32(16):5264−5274.

YANG Zhenyi,XUE Li,XU Jianxin. Advances in ecology restoration of abandoned quarries[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(16):5264−5274.

[28] 李一为,杨文姬,赵方莹,等. 矿业废弃地植被恢复研究[J]. 中国矿业,2010,19(1):58−60.

LI Yiwei,YANG Wenji,ZHAO Fangying,et al. Research on mined wasteland revegetation[J]. China Mining Magazine,2010,19(1):58−60.

[29] 张新时. 关于生态重建和生态恢复的思辨及其科学涵义与发展途径[J]. 植物生态学报,2010,34(1):112−118.

ZHANG Xinshi. An intellectual enquiring about ecological restoration and recovery,their scientific implication and approach[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(1):112−118.

[30] 彭苏萍,毕银丽. 黄河流域煤矿区生态环境修复关键技术与战略思考[J]. 煤炭学报,2020,45(4):1211−1221.

PENG Suping,BI Yinli. Strategic consideration and core technology about environmental ecological restoration in coal mine areas in the Yellow River Basin of China[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2020,45(4):1211−1221.

[31] 张绍良,张黎明,侯湖平,等. 生态自然修复及其研究综述[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(1):160−166.

ZHANG Shaoliang,ZHANG Liming,HOU Huping,et al. Research overview on natural restoration of ecosystem[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(1):160−166.

[32] LEI Kai,PAN Huiyun,LIN Chunye. A landscape approach towards ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,90:320−325.

[33] 陈文思. 陕北黄土区自然恢复植物群落的结构及多样性特征[D]. 北京：北京林业大学，2016.

CHEN Wensi. Characteristics of structure and diversity of the plant community with natural recovery in north Shaanxi loess area[D]. Beijing：Beijing Forestry University，2016.

[34] 许丽,樊金栓,周心澄,等. 阜新市海州露天煤矿排土场植被自然恢复过程中物种多样性研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(6):152−157.

XU Li,FAN Jinshuan,ZHOU Xincheng,et al. Study on plant species diversity of opencast coal mine spoils in Haizhou,Fuxin Rejoin during natural plant restoration[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(6):152−157.

[35] HERAS M M,NICOLAU J M,ESPIGARES T. Vegetation succession in reclaimed coal–mining slopes in a Mediterranean–dry environment[J]. Ecological Engineering,2008,34(2):168−178.

[36] 许静雯. 黄土区大型露天矿复垦地野生草本植物侵入特征研究[D]. 北京：中国地质大学(北京)，2012.

XU Jingwen. Wild herbs invasion characteristics in reclaimed land of large opencast mine within loess area[D]. Beijing：China University of Geosciences (Beijing)，2012.

[37] 黄山,郭传友,石常友,等. 淮北煤矿废弃地自然定居植物及其对生态系统的影响[J]. 淮北煤炭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2007,28(3):43−47.

HUANG Shan,GUO Chuanyou,SHI Changyou,et al. Naturally colonized plants of coal mine wasteland and its effect to local ecosystem in Huaibei City,Anhui Province[J]. Journal of Huaibei Coal Industry Teachers College (Natural Science),2007,28(3):43−47.

[38] 岳建英,李晋川,王文英,等. 安太堡矿废弃地侵入野生植物及对生态系统的影响[J]. 中国野生植物资源,2002,21(5):44−46.

YUE Jianying,LI Jinchuan,WANG Wenying,et al. Intruding wild plant in abandoned land of Antaibao and effect to ecosystem[J]. Chinese Wild Plant Resources,2002,21(5):44−46.

[39] 岳建英,郭春燕,李晋川,等. 安太堡露天煤矿复垦区野生植物定居分析[J]. 干旱区研究,2016,33(2):399−409.

YUE Jianying,GUO Chunyan,LI Jinchuan,et al. Colonized wild plants in the reclamation area of the Antaibao opencast coal mine[J]. Arid Zone Research,2016,33(2):399−409.

[40] 王改玲,张振云,李晋川,等. 安太堡露天煤矿复垦土地野生植物侵入研究初报[J]. 山西农业大学学报,2000,22(4):386−388.

WANG Gailing,ZHANG Zhenyun,LI Jinchuan,et al. The primary study on the intrusion of wild plant species on reclaimed land of Antaibao open−cast coal mine[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University,2000,22(4):386−388.

[41] 王改玲,白中科,郝明德. 平朔安太堡露天矿排土场土壤种子库研究[J]. 水土保持学报,2003,17(6):178−180.

WANG Gailing,BAI Zhongke,HAO Mingde. Features of soil seed bank at dump of Antaibao opencast mine[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(6):178−180.

[42] 王琦,全占军,韩煜,等. 风沙区采煤塌陷不同恢复年限土壤理化性质变化[J]. 水土保持学报,2014,28(2):118−122.

WANG Qi,QUAN Zhanjun,HAN Yu,et al. Changes of soil physical and chemical properties under different coal mining subsidence years in windy desert area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):118−122.

[43] 王新静,杨耀淇,高杨. 风沙区采煤沉陷土壤质量演变时效评价[J]. 煤炭工程,2013,45(1):89−92.

WANG Xinjing,YANG Yaoqi,GAO Yang. Evaluation on evolution time effect of soil quality in mining subsidence ground of windy desert area[J]. Coal Engineering,2013,45(1):89−92.

[44] 李全生,贺安民,曹志国. 神东矿区现代煤炭开采技术下地表生态自修复研究[J]. 煤炭工程,2012,44(12):120−122.

LI Quansheng,HE Anmin,CAO Zhiguo. Study on surface ecology self−healing under modern coal mining technology in Shendong mining area[J]. Coal Engineering,2012,44(12):120−122.

[45] 张建民,李全生,胡振琪,等. 西部风积沙区超大综采工作面开采生态修复研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术,2013,41(9):173−177.

ZHANG Jianmin,LI Quansheng,HU Zhenqi,et al. Study on ecological restoration mode of ultra wide fully–mechanized coal mining in west China aeolian sand area[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2013,41(9):173−177.

[46] 王丽,雷少刚,卞正富. 系统视角下中国西部煤炭开采生态损伤与自然修复研究综述[J]. 资源开发与市场,2017,33(10):1188−1192.

WANG Li,LEI Shaogang,BIAN Zhengfu. Review on study of ecological damage and natural recovery in the coal mining subsidence area in western China[J]. Resource Development & Market,2017,33(10):1188−1192.

[47] 张建民,杨峰,李能考,等. 超大综采工作面开采地表层含水性自修复研究[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2013,41(6):38−42.

ZHANG Jianmin,YANG Feng,LI Nengkao,et al. Aqueous self−healing of surface layer in mining area of super−large mechanized face[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2013,41(6):38−42.

[48] 刘哲荣,燕玲,贺晓,等. 采煤沉陷干扰下土壤理化性质的演变:以大柳塔矿采区为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(11):133−138.

LIU Zherong,YAN Ling,HE Xiao,et al. Effects of mining subsidence on physical and chemical properties of soil in the subsided land of the Daliuta mining area[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(11):133−138.

[49] 于瑞雪,李少朋,毕银丽,等. 煤炭开采对沙蒿根系生长的影响及其自修复能力[J]. 煤炭科学技术,2014,42(2):110−113.

YU Ruixue,LI Shaopeng,BI Yinli,et al. Effect of coal mining on root growth of artemisia sphaerocephala and its self–repairing ability[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2014,42(2):110−113.

[50] WANG Bo,LIU Jing,WANG Chenglong,et al. Effects of drawing damage on root growth and soil reinforcement of Hippophae rhamnoides in a coal mining subsidence area[J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation,2021,24(4):11.

[51] 卞正富,雷少刚,金丹,等. 矿区土地修复的几个基本问题[J]. 煤炭学报,2018,43(1):190−197.

BIAN Zhengfu,LEI Shaogang,JIN Dan,et al. Several basic scientific issues related to mined land remediation[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):190−197.

[52] 侯颖,丁锦平. 采煤塌陷复垦区自然恢复初期植物群落变化特征[J]. 安徽农学通报,2021,27(7):25−29.

HOU Ying,DING Jinping. Characteristics of plant community change in the early stage of natural recovery in reclamation area after coal mining collapse[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2021,27(7):25−29.

[53] 刘嘉伟. 黑沙蒿根系受损自修复后力学特性的研究[D]. 呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学，2019.

LIU Jiawei. Study on mechanical properties of self−healed Artemisia Ordosica Krasch. Roots after erosional force damage[D]. Hohhot：Inner Mongolia Agricultural University，2019.

[54] 高岩,党晓宏,蒙仲举,等. 采煤沉陷区植物根系损伤及修复研究进展[J]. 内蒙古林业科技,2020,46(4):50−55.

GAO Yan,DANG Xiaohong,MENG Zhongju,et al. Research progress on plant root damage and restoration in mining subsidence area[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry Science and Technology,2020,46(4):50−55.

[55] 王双明,侯恩科,谢晓深,等. 中深部煤层开采对地表生态环境的影响及修复提升途径研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术,2021,49(1):19−31.

WANG Shuangming,HOU Enke,XIE Xiaoshen,et al. Study on influence of surface ecological environment caused by middle deep coal mining and the ways of restoration[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2021,49(1):19−31.

[56] 杨永均，张绍良，侯湖平，等. 一种采矿区适宜自然恢复的土地裂缝判别方法：CN201810907620.1[P]. 2019-01-04.

[57] 张黎明. 山西黄土高原矿区关键扰动的自然修复机理研究[D]. 徐州：中国矿业大学，2017.

ZHANG Liming. Study on the mechanisms of natural restoration of main land disturbances in Shanxi loess plateau mining area[D]. Xuzhou：China University of Mining and Technology，2017.

[58] 曹健,黄庆享. 浅埋近距煤层开采覆岩与地表裂缝发育规律及控制[J]. 煤田地质与勘探,2021,49(4):213−220.

CAO Jian,HUANG Qingxiang. Regularity and control of overburden and surface fractures in shallow−contiguous seams[J]. Coal Geology & Exploration,2021,49(4):213−220.

[59] 胡振琪,陈超. 风沙区井工煤炭开采对土地生态的影响及修复[J]. 矿业科学学报,2016,1(2):120−130.

HU Zhenqi,CHEN Chao. Impact of underground coal mining on land ecology and its restoration in windy and sandy region[J]. Journal of Mining Science and Technology,2016,1(2):120−130.

[60] 李青丰,曹江营,张树礼,等. 准格尔煤田露天矿植被恢复的研究:排土场植被自然恢复的观察研究[J]. 中国草地,1997(2):23−25.

LI Qingfeng,CAO Jiangying,ZHANG Shuli,et al. Vegetation restoration in Zungeer open–cut coal mine:Natural recovery in soil refusal site[J]. Grassland of China,1997(2):23−25.

[61] 牛星,蒙仲举,高永,等. 伊敏露天煤矿排土场自然恢复植被群落特征研究[J]. 水土保持通报,2011,31(1):215−221.

NIU Xing,MENG Zhongju,GAO Yong,et al. Community characteristics of naturally recovered vegetation on dumps of Yimin opencast coalmine[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):215−221.

[62] CHENG Jianlong,LU Zhaohua. Natural vegetation recovery on waste dump in opencast coalmine area[J]. Journal of Forestry Research,2005,16(1):55−57.

[63] 谢斐,杨再超,李芳,等. 喀斯特煤矸石山自然恢复植物群落研究[J]. 绿色科技,2022,24(2):22−25.

XIE Fei,YANG Zaichao,LI Fang,et al. Study on the natural restoration of plant communities in karst coal gangue hills[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology,2022,24(2):22−25.

[64] 樊文华,李慧峰,白中科,等. 黄土区大型露天煤矿煤矸石自燃对复垦土壤质量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报,2010,26(2):319−324.

FAN Wenhua,LI Huifeng,BAI Zhongke,et al. Effect of gangue spontaneous combustion on reclaimed soil quality of large–scaled opencast mine in loess area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(2):319−324.

[65] 郭海桥,程伟,尚志,等. 水分和冻融循环对酷寒矿区煤矸石风化崩解速率影响的定量研究[J]. 煤炭学报,2019,44(12):3859−3864.

GUO Haiqiao,CHENG Wei,SHANG Zhi,et al. Quantitative determination of the effect of moisture and freeze/thaw cycles on coal gangue decay rate in severe cold mining areas[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2019,44(12):3859−3864.

[66] 蔡毅,严家平,陈孝杨,等. 表生作用下煤矸石风化特征研究:以淮南矿区为例[J]. 中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(5):937−943.

CAI Yi,YAN Jiaping,CHEN Xiaoyang,et al. Weathering characteristics of coal gangue in hypergenesis:A case study on Huainan coal mining area[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2015,44(5):937−943.

[67] 乔继平. 促进生态自我修复的思考[J]. 山西水土保持科技,2007(1):27−29.

QIAO Jiping. Thoughts on promoting ecological self−healing[J]. Soil and Water Conservation Science and Technology in Shanxi,2007(1):27−29.

[68] 聂斌斌,蔡强国,綦俊谕,等. 水土保持生态自然修复适宜性研究综述[J]. 中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):114−120.

NIE Binbin,CAI Qiangguo,QI Junyu,et al. Analysis on the suitability of natural ecological restoration for soil and water conservation[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(4):114−120.

[69] 雷少刚,卞正富,杨永均. 论引导型矿山生态修复[J]. 煤炭学报,2022,47(2):915−921.

LEI Shaogang,BIAN Zhengfu,YANG Yongjun. Discussion on the guided restoration for mine ecosystem[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2022,47(2):915−921.

[70] 胥超,谢锦升,曾宏达,等. 自然恢复和人工促进恢复对侵蚀退化生态系统碳贮量的影响比较[J]. 亚热带资源与环境学报,2014,9(1):53−60.

XU Chao,XIE Jinsheng,ZENG Hongda,et al. Effects of natural restoration and artificial rehabilitation on carbon storage in degraded forest ecosystems[J]. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2014,9(1):53−60.

[71] 国家市场监督管理总局，中国国家标准化管理委员会. 封山(沙)育林技术规程：GB/T 15163—2018[S]. 北京：中国标准出版社，2018.

[72] XUE Jianhui,FANG Shengzuo. Afforestation techniques and vegetation restoration profits analysis of degraded ecosystems in karst mountain areas[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2002,26(2):1−6.

[73] 刘英. 半干旱煤矿区受损植被引导型恢复研究[D]. 徐州：中国矿业大学，2020.

LIU Ying. Study on guided restoration of damaged vegetation in semi−arid coal mine area[D]. Xuzhou：China University of Mining and Technology，2020.

[74] 张绍良,杨永均,侯湖平. 新型生态系统理论及其争议综述[J]. 生态学报,2016,36(17):5307−5314.

ZHANG Shaoliang,YANG Yongjun,HOU Huping. Overview of novel ecosystems theory and its critiques[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(17):5307−5314.

[75] 徐军,牛健植,许陈韩,等. 华北土石山区基于水分承载力的植被结构配置分析[J]. 西北林学院学报,2016,31(3):15−22.

XU Jun,NIU Jianzhi,XU Chenhan,et al. A Study on the technology of vegetation horizontal and vertical structure configuration in secondary degeneration area based on the natural succession rule[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2016,31(3):15−22.

[76] 张光芹. 基于生态承载力的四川秦巴山区国土空间开发研究[D]. 成都：成都理工大学，2020.

ZHANG Guangqin. A study on the national territory space development of Qinba mountain area in Sichun Province based on the ecological carrying capacity[D]. Chengdu：Chengdu University of Technology，2020.

[77] 郭忠升,邵明安. 土壤水分植被承载力研究成果在实践中的应用[J]. 自然资源学报,2009,24(12):2187−2193.

GUO Zhongsheng,SHAO Ming’ an. Use of the theory of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation in practice[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(12):2187−2193.

[78] 王强民,董书宁,王文科,等. 生态脆弱矿区高强度植被恢复对地下水补给的影响[J]. 煤炭学报,2020,45(9):3245−3252.

WANG Qiangmin,DONG Shuning,WANG Wenke,et al. Effects of high intensive vegetation restoration on groundwater recharge in ecologically fragile mining area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2020,45(9):3245−3252.

[79] 李萌. 煤矿区土地复垦与生态承载力分析：以汾西矿区为例[D]. 北京：中国地质大学(北京)，2012.

LI Meng. Analysis of land reclamation and ecological capacity in coal mining areas：A case study in Fenxi mining area[D]. Beijing：China University of Geosciences (Beijing)，2012.

[80] 刘瑛,杨丹青,杨晓晖. 煤矿开采对矿业城镇生态承载力的影响研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(9):24−28.

LIU Ying,YANG Danqing,YANG Xiaohui. Effect of coal mining on town biologically productive capacity[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(9):24−28.

[81] 王宁,毕华兴,郭孟霞,等. 晋西黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐人工林土壤水分植被承载力研究[J]. 水土保持学报,2019,33(6):213−219.

WANG Ning,BI Huaxing,GUO Mengxia,et al. Study on soil water vegetation carrying capacity of robinia pseudoacacia plantation in the loess gully area of western Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2019,33(6):213−219.

[82] 刘朝霞,吕荣,常金宝,等. 沙地樟子松人工林适宜初植密度的确定及中龄林期密度调控研究[J]. 内蒙古林业科技,1998(1):8−11.

LIU Chaoxia,LYU Rong,CHANG Jinbao,et al. Study on the determination of suitable initial planting density of pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation in sandy land and the density regulation in middle aged forest[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry Science and Technology,1998(1):8−11.

[83] 刘广全,匡尚富,土小宁,等. 黄土高原生态脆弱地带植被恢复水资源承载能力[J]. 国际沙棘研究与开发,2010,8(1):13−20.

LIU Guangquan,KUANG Shangfu,TU Xiaoning,et al. Water resources carrying capacity for vegetation restoration of eco–fragile region in the loess plateau[J]. The Global Seabuckthorn Research and Development,2010,8(1):13−20.

[84] SHAO Ming’ an,WANG Yunqiang,XIA Yongqiu,et al. Soil drought and water carrying capacity for vegetation in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau:A review[J]. Vadose Zone Journal,2018,17(1):1−8.

[85] 焦醒,刘广全,土小宁. 黄土高原植被恢复水资源承载力核算[J]. 水利学报,2014,45(11):1344−1351.

JIAO Xing,LIU Guangquan,TU Xiaoning. Estimate on of water resources carrying capacity for revegetation in the loess plateau[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(11):1344−1351.

[86] 王亚蕊. 基于土壤水分植被承载力的叠叠沟小流域植被优化配置[D]. 北京：中国林业科学研究院，2016.

WANG Yarui. Optimal disposition of vegetations based on soil water carrying capacity in Diediegou catchment[D]. Beijing：Chinese Academy of Forestry，2016.

[87] 李新荣,张志山,谭会娟,等. 我国北方风沙危害区生态重建与恢复:腾格里沙漠土壤水分与植被承载力的探讨[J]. 中国科学:生命科学,2014,44(3):257−266.

LI Xinrong,ZHANG Zhishan,TAN Huijuan,et al. Ecological restoration and recovery in the wind–blown sand hazard areas of northern China:Relationship between soil water and carrying capacity for vegetation in the Tengger Desert[J]. Scientia Sinica Vitae,2014,44(3):257−266.

[88] 杨文斌,王涛,熊伟,等. 低覆盖度治沙理论的核心水文原理概述[J]. 中国沙漠,2021,41(3):75−80.

YANG Wenbin,WANG Tao,XIONG Wei,et al. Overview of hydrological principle of low vegetation coverage sand control[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2021,41(3):75−80.

[89] 杨文斌,王涛,冯伟,等. 低覆盖度治沙理论及其在干旱半干旱区的应用[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(1):1−5.

YANG Wenbin,WANG Tao,FENG Wei,et al. Low coverage sand control theory and its application in arid and semi−arid areas[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(1):1−5.

[90] 刘中奇. 哈拉沟煤矿塌陷区植物群落特征及植被恢复技术研究[J]. 煤炭工程,2015,47(4):121−123.

LIU Zhongqi. Plant community feature and research on artificial phytocoenosium configuration technology in Halagou sand coal mine subsidence regions[J]. Coal Engineering,2015,47(4):121−123.

[91] 徐广才,康慕谊,史亚军. 自然资源适应性管理研究综述[J]. 自然资源学报,2013,28(10):1797−1807.

XU Guangcai,KANG Muyi,SHI Yajun. A review of adaptive management research on natural resources[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(10):1797−1807.

[92] 雷冬梅,徐晓勇. 矿区生态系统管理研究框架及其应用:以兰坪矿区为例[J]. 资源开发与市场,2015,31(6):678−681.

LEI Dongmei,XU Xiaoyong. Research framework of ecosystem management in mining area and its application[J]. Resource Development & Market,2015,31(6):678−681.

[93] 王祺,蒙吉军,齐杨,等. 基于承载力动态变化的生态系统适应性管理:以鄂尔多斯乌审旗为例[J]. 地域研究与开发,2015,34(4):154−159.

WANG Qi,MENG Jijun,QI Yang,et al. Ecosystem adaptive management based on dynamic changed ecological carrying capacity:A case study of Uxin Banner in Ordos[J]. Areal Research and Development,2015,34(4):154−159.

[94] 冯漪,曹银贵,耿冰瑾,等. 生态系统适应性管理:理论内涵与管理应用[J]. 农业资源与环境学报,2021,38(4):545−557.

FENG Yi,CAO Yingui,GENG Bingjin,et al. Ecosystem adaptive management:Theoretical connotations and management applications[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2021,38(4):545−557.

[95] 卢锟. 基于适应性管理的矿区生态环境修复制度优化研究[J]. 中国矿业,2021,30(7):58−63.

LU Kun. Studying on the eco–environment remediation system in mining area based on adaptive management[J]. China Mining Magazine,2021,30(7):58−63.

[96] 吴秦豫,张绍良,杨永均,等. 基于恢复力的半干旱矿区生态系统退化风险空间评估[J]. 煤炭学报,2021,46(5):1587−1598.

WU Qinyu,ZHANG Shaoliang,YANG Yongjun,et al. Spatial assessment of ecosystem degradation risk in semi–arid mining area based on resilience indicators[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2021,46(5):1587−1598.

[97] 王丽,雷少刚,卞正富. 多尺度矿区植被生态系统恢复力定量测度研究框架[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):76−80.

WANG Li,LEI Shaogang,BIAN Zhengfu. Research framework for quantitative measurement of mine vegetation ecosystem resilience in multi scale[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(5):76−80.

[98] 杨永均,张绍良,侯湖平,等. 基于非线性动力学模型的矿山土地生态系统恢复力机制[J]. 煤炭学报,2019,44(10):3174−3184.

YANG Yongjun,ZHANG Shaoliang,HOU Huping,et al. Resilience mechanism of land ecosystem in mining area based on nonlinear dynamic model[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2019,44(10):3174−3184.

[99] 张绍良,杨永均,侯湖平,等. 基于恢复力理论的“土地整治+生态”框架模型[J]. 中国土地科学,2018,32(10):83−89.

ZHANG Shaoliang,YANG Yongjun,HOU Huping,et al. A framework model of“land consolidation+ecology”based on resilience theory[J]. China Land Science,2018,32(10):83−89.

[100] 王丽. 恢复力视角下矿区植被扰动–损伤–修复综合评价与恢复方案[D]. 徐州：中国矿业大学，2021.

WANG Li. Comprehensive evaluation of vegetation disturbance–damage–restoration and restoration scheme in mining area from the perspective of resilience[D]. Xuzhou：China University of Mining and Technology，2021.

[101] 涂婧林,侯东瑞,陈弋冉,等. 国土空间生态修复关键区域系统识别与修复:以武汉市蔡甸区为例[J]. 华中农业大学学报,2022,41(3):47−55.

TU Jinglin,HOU Dongrui,CHEN Yiran,et al. Systematic identification and restoration of key areas for ecological restoration of territorial space:A case study of Caidian District,Wuhan City[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2022,41(3):47−55.

[102] 杨永均. 矿山土地生态系统恢复力及其测度与调控研究[D]. 徐州：中国矿业大学，2017.

YANG Yongjun. Study on the resilience of land ecosystem in mining area and its measurement and regulation[D]. Xuzhou：China University of Mining and Technology，2017.

[103] 池沫菲. 基于生态修复理念下的矿区景观重塑研究：以灵宝市矿业示范区为例[D]. 西安：西安建筑科技大学，2020.

CHI Mofei. Research on landscape remodeling of mining area based on ecological restoration theory：Take Lingbao mining demonstration zone as an example[D]. Xi’an：Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology，2020.

[104] HUANG Lei,ZHANG Peng,HU Yigang,et al. Vegetation and soil restoration in refuse dumps from open pit coal mines[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,94:638−646.

[105] ZHAO Zhongqiu,BAI Zhongke,ZHANG Zhao,et al. Population structure and spatial distributions patterns of 17 years old plantation in a reclaimed spoil of Pingshuo opencast mine,China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2012,44:147−151.

[106] 杨勤学,赵冰清,郭东罡. 中国北方露天煤矿区植被恢复研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志,2015,34(4):1152−1157.

YANG Qinxue,ZHAO Bingqing,GUO Donggang. A review on vegetation restoration of opencast coal mine areas in northern China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(4):1152−1157.

[107] NOVAK J,PRACH K. Artificial sowing of endangered dry grassland species into disused basalt quarries[J]. Flora,2010,205(3):179−183.

[108] DUAN Wenjun,REN Hai,FU Shenglei,et al. Natural recovery of different areas of a deserted quarry in South China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2008,20(4):476−481.

[109] 杨曙东. 近自然植物群落在园林绿化中的应用:以盐城市盐渎公园为例[J]. 中国园艺文摘,2014,30(4):106−107.

YANG Shudong. Application of near natural plant communities in landscaping:Taking Yandu Park in Yancheng City as an example[J]. Chinese Horticulture Abstracts,2014,30(4):106−107.

[110] 黄元仿,张世文,张立平,等. 露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复研究进展[J]. 农业机械学报,2015,46(8):72−82.

HUANG Yuanfang,ZHANG Shiwen,ZHANG Liping,et al. Research progress on conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of opencast coal mine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):72−82.

[111] 兰倩,陈绍志,邬可义,等. 退化林修复研究进展[J]. 世界林业研究,2021,34(5):50−57.

LAN Qian,CHEN Shaozhi,WU Keyi,et al. Progress of degraded forests restoration research[J]. World Forestry Research,2021,34(5):50−57.

[112] 王宁. 黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然更新的种源限制因素研究[D]. 杨凌：中国科学院大学，2013.

WANG Ning. The limiting factors in vegetation recruitment in the hilly–gullied region of the loess plateau：On species resources aspect[D]. Yangling：The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，2013.

[113] 黄培祐. 我国西北干旱区生态环境建设几个理论与实践问题[C]//中国地理学会自然地理专业委员会. 土地变化科学与生态建设学术研讨会论文集. 北京：商务印书馆，2004：127–137.

[114] 李明辉,彭少麟,申卫军,等. 景观生态学与退化生态系统恢复[J]. 生态学报,2003,23(8):1622−1628.

LI Minghui,PENG Shaolin,SHEN Weijun,et al. Landscape ecology and restoration of degraded ecosystems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(8):1622−1628.

[115] 韩芳,李传荣,孙明高,等. 废弃采石场植被自然恢复初期群落的结构特征[J]. 中南林业科技大学学报,2008,28(2):35−39.

HAN Fang,LI Chuanrong,SUN Minggao,et al. Plant community structure at an early ecological restoration stage on an abandoned quarry in Sibao mount[J]. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology,2008,28(2):35−39.

[116] 张志权,束文圣,廖文波,等. 豆科植物与矿业废弃地植被恢复[J]. 生态学杂志,2002,21(2):47−52.

ZHANG Zhiquan,SHU Wensheng,LIAO Wenbo,et al. Role of legume species in revegetation of mined wastelands[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2002,21(2):47−52.

[117] 曹广民,林丽,张法伟,等. 长期生态学研究和试验示范为高寒草地的适应性管理提供理论与技术支撑[J]. 中国科学院院刊,2018,33(10):1115−1126.

CAO Guangmin,LIN Li,ZHANG Fawei,et al. Long–term ecological research and experimental demonstration provide theoretical and technical support for adaptive management of alpine grassland[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(10):1115−1126.

[118] 胡婵娟,郭雷. 植被恢复的生态效应研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报,2012,21(9):1640−1646.

HU Chanjuan,GUO Lei. Advances in the research of ecological effects of vegetation restoration[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(9):1640−1646.

[119] 张健,刘国彬. 黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式对沟谷地植物群落生物量和物种多样性的影响[J]. 自然资源学报,2010,25(2):207−217.

ZHANG Jian,LIU Guobin. The influence of plant community biomass and species diversity of different vegetation restoration patterns in the gully area of the hilly loess region[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(2):207−217.

[120] 刘英,雷少刚,陈孝杨,等. 神东矿区植被覆盖度时序变化与驱动因素分析及引导恢复策略[J]. 煤炭学报,2021,46(10):3319−3331.

LIU Ying,LEI Shaogang,CHEN Xiaoyang,et al. Temporal variation and driving factors of vegetation coverage in Shendong central mining area based on the perspective of guided restoration[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2021,46(10):3319−3331.

[121] 胡振琪. 煤矿山复垦土壤剖面重构的基本原理与方法[J]. 煤炭学报,1997,22(6):617−622.

HU Zhenqi. Principle and method of soil profile reconstruction for coal mine land reclamation[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,1997,22(6):617−622.

[122] 胡振琪,魏忠义,秦萍. 矿山复垦土壤重构的概念与方法[J]. 土壤,2005,37(1):8−12.

HU Zhenqi,WEI Zhongyi,QIN Ping. Concept of and methods for soil reconstruction in mined land reclamation[J]. Soils,2005,37(1):8−12.

[123] NUSSBAUMER Y,COLE M A,OFFLER C E,et al. Identifying and ameliorating nutrient limitations to reconstructing a forest ecosystem on mined land[J]. Restoration Ecology,2016,24(2):202−211.

[124] JIAO Juying,ZOU Houyuan,JIA Yanfeng,et al. Research progress on the effects of soil erosion on vegetation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):85−91.

[125] 范学忠,贾致荣,李仲夏,等. 岩石边坡生境形态结构特征对植被自然恢复能力的指示性[J]. 生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(5):587−591.

FAN Xuezhong,JIA Zhirong,LI Zhongxia,et al. Habitat morphostructural characteristics as indicator of natural vegetation restorability of rocky highway slopes[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2013,29(5):587−591.

[126] 胡慧,杨雨,包维楷,等. 干旱河谷微生境变化对乡土植物幼苗定植的影响[J]. 植物生态学报,2020,44(10):1028−1039.

HU Hui,YANG Yu,BAO Weikai,et al. Effects of microhabitat changes on seedling establishment of native plants in a dry valley[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2020,44(10):1028−1039.

[127] 荣颖,胡振琪,杜玉玺,等. 露天矿区土壤基质改良材料研究进展[J]. 金属矿山,2018,47(2):164−171.

RONG Ying,HU Zhenqi,DU Yuxi,et al. Research advance of soil amelioration materials in opencast mines[J]. Metal Mine,2018,47(2):164−171.

[128] 刘铁军,卢建男,张哲乾,等. 干旱半干旱区裸露边坡适宜喷播的绿化基质筛选[J]. 草业科学,2016,33(7):1291−1296.

LIU Tiejun,LU Jiannan,ZHANG Zheqian,et al. Screening of green substrate suitable for spraying and sowing in uncovering slope of arid and semi–arid zone[J]. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(7):1291−1296.

[129] 于丹丹,贾黎明,贾忠奎,等. 生态垫及保水剂对废弃砂石坑立地造林的影响[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(6):99−104.

YU Dandan,JIA Liming,JIA Zhongkui,et al. Effects of eco–mat and super absorbent polymers on forest in waste sand and gravel pit sites[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition),2015,39(6):99−104.

[130] 温学飞. 化学固沙剂对退化沙地植物多样性与微生物多样性的影响[J]. 中国农学通报,2015,31(22):1−6.

WEN Xuefei. Influence of sand fixation chemicals on biodiversities of plants and microorganisms on degraded sands[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(22):1−6.

[131] AMOAH−ANTWI C,KWIATKOWSKA−MALINA J,THORNTON S F,et al. Restoration of soil quality using biochar and brown coal waste:A review[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2020,722:137852.

[132] 戚智勇，刘瑜